DDevelopment & Design

Red Black Tree Visualization using HTML5 Canvas and GWT

I created a sample app that demonstrates HTML5 Canvas usage from Java through GWT. I think GWT is an excellent tool for migrating desktop apps into Web nowadays, especially for Java developers. So it’s worth giving it a try. Google has made significant progress on migrating desktop apps into Web during the last year. They propagated trend for HTML5 support and Javascript JIT compilers among modern browsers. So it’s possible to run Quake 2 or CAD software directly in browser at decent speed. Red Black Tree is a balanced BST tree. Details are described on Wikipedia. You can run this sample app directly on appspot (it works on iPhone too :-) ) Sample code can be found here: Browse on GitHub. Let’s start from initialization. First, we need to create Canvas element and add it to HTML. getContext2D is called to obtain drawing context. We register a timer to redraw frames frequently: So doUpdate is called every 50 ms and whenever redrawFrame is set to true, it redraws Canvas contents. In autoplay mode, we call processFrame in while loop. So whenever redraw procedure takes too long, we will process frames without redrawing them. This won’t slow down animation on low resources. Then, we need to draw a tree. We use drawTree procedure, which is recursive and draws nodes along with contents and connections between them: The best part is that we can do regular Java unit tests on Red Black tree to verify the correctness of implementation:

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DDevelopment & Design

Private fields and methods are not private in groovy

I used to code in Java before I met groovy. Like most of you, groovy attracted me with many enhancements. This was to my surprise to discover that method visibility in groovy is handled different than Java!

Consider this example:

class Person {
private String name
public  String surname

private Person() {}

private String signature() { "${name?.substring(0, 1)}. $surname" }

public String toString() { "I am $name $surname" }
}

How is this class interpreted with Java?

  1. Person has private constructor that cannot be accessed
  2. Field "name" is private and cannot be accessed
  3. Method signature() is private and cannot be accessed

Let's see how groovy interpretes Person:

public static void main(String[] args) {
def person = new Person()   // constructor is private - compilation error in Java
println(person.toString())

    person.@name = 'Mike'       // access name field directly - compilation error in Java
println(person.toString())

    person.name = 'John'        // there is a setter generated by groovy
println(person.toString())

    person.@surname = 'Foo'     // access surname field directly
println(person.toString())

    person.surname = 'Bar'      // access auto-generated setter
println(person.toString())

println(person.signature()) // call private method - compilation error in Java
}

I was really astonished by its output:

I am null null
I am Mike null
I am John null
I am John Foo
I am John Bar
J. Bar

As you can see, groovy does not follow visibility directives at all! It treats them as non-existing. Code compiles and executes fine. It's contrary to Java. In Java this code has several errors, pointed out in comments.

I've searched a bit on this topic and it seems that this behaviour is known since version 1.1 and there is a bug report on that: http://jira.codehaus.org/browse/GROOVY-1875. It is not resolved even with groovy 2 release. As Tim Yates mentioned in this Stackoverflow question: "It's not clear if it is a bug or by design". Groovy treats visibility keywords as a hint for a programmer.

I need to keep that lesson in mind next time I want to make some field or method private!