DDevelopment & Design

When distributed monolith may work for you

The Distributed Monolith term surely has a bad press. When you read through blogs and conference talks I’m sure you’d better build a “traditional” monolith rather that a distributed one. If you go with the latter, it means you tried to build microservices but you failed. And now your life is sad and full of pain ;) In this post I’d like to describe our case, when we built something like distributed monolith intentionally, with quite a pleasant final experience.

In my opinion the key to microservices is in the Conway’s Law. Looking from that perspective you’d think that primary use-case for microservices is large organizations with in-house IT department with many small teams, working independently, with large control over their part ot the system. But this doesn’t cover the full spectrum of software development market ;)

When you are a software house you deal with various type of projects. This includes maintenance, rewrite part of a large system and – last but not least – developing new systems from scratch. But the development process is much different than in-house IT: we use small, versatile teams (up to 10 people), not tight stick to roles like webdev, tester (developers, not programmers). There are no two identical projects for us: every customer has its own needs, tools, infrastructure, procedures, etc. (see http://ericsink.com/No_Programmers.html)

If you plan your system architecture you often try to do some checklist that can help you make the best choice. I think the most interesting question from it is:

Is there a part of the system that a single person, or small team, operates independently inside of?

The usual response for a software house is “Hmm… No”. So are we forced to always build monoliths?

The good parts of monolith

Let’s think first what could be the good parts of monolithic architecture, especially for a small team inside a software house:

Simple communication model

When you want to deliver fast, you have to reduce overhead. If your customer ask for a feature, telling him that you first have to investigate how to make your microservices talk to each other could be not acceptable. Also, having less service-to-service communication, makes monitoring and debugging in production a lot easier. It’s different when you build a large microservice stack for a big organization – you surely convinced business owners that you need some time to invest in tools and infrastructure and they have to wait for it to be done before features arrive ;)

Single repository

At software houses, we usually have a lot of freedom choosing CI/CD tooling, some team go with full-stack Gitlab, some prefer Gerrit + Jenkins, some work on customer’s infrastructure. We don’t have repeatable, complicated build pipeline for every project – usually just running tests, make some static code analysis (with Sputnik), sometimes push Docker images somewhere. It’s just easy to have just one repository, not having to setup multiple independently.

Single data source

This is also not constant across projects, but most of them need just one data source, possibly just RDBMS (Postgres) to store business data. It’s easy to administer, manage, migrate. If you want a bit less coupling between parts of the system, separate database schemas for a start could be enough.

Simple deployment infrastructure

Just like above, from deployment perspective, the simplest – the better. Your customer doesn’t want you to spend 3 weeks setting up a Kubernetes cluster. If you can go with plain Docker without dedicated orchestration – go with it. For us – AWS ECS with some home-made automation worked really fine.

The good parts of microservices

On the other hand, while building monolith may have many good parts, it can also be really painful. I think that there are numerous advantages you’ll get from splitting the whole system into few smaller parts. The key is having multiple deployment units, which really gives you benefits:

Resource separation

Bugs happen. It is obvious that your system will someday fail on production. The real question is what happens then? How your system deals with errors? If you use shared resources like database or http client connection pools, one, even not critical part of your system, may cause a full system outage. That’s why splitting your system into few smaller applications matters. You (and your customers) can probably live even if one of the minor functionalities fails.

Independent scaling

It is also good when your system can scale. It’s better when you can scale parts of your system independently. Some of features are massively used and business critical – and you want to run them in high-available mode with possibility to add instances on the fly when traffic increases. But also you have some other parts (e.g. backoffice) that is not heavily used with often zero traffic after working hours. With multiple applications instead of monolith it’s easier to achieve independent scaling.

Network separation

Usually parts of a big system are used from different places. You have some public services (e.g. mailing service), othen with both sides communication (with webhooks). On the other hand – a back-office part shouldn’t be exposed publicly, best hidden in a VPN to a customer’s office. Having these parts separated makes it easier to put them in different networks and then setup a particular policy of each part.

Separate configuration

Defining proper authentication configuration for Java (even in Spring) app could be hard. I guess that defining multiple authentication models (e.g. logged users, internal features for call-center people and public service calls) for different parts of a monolithic application could be a hell. Splitting a monolith into several deployment units, each with separate authentication configuration, may save you many hours of debugging magical untestable code provided by your framework.

Technology experiments

It’s really bad for a project if you’re stick to a legacy technology. Having thousands of lines written in 90’s Javascript framework could be really demotivating for developers. When you have few smaller deployment units, it’s much easier to play with technology experiments. You can either write the whole small part in some crazy technology (we use Elm for a small frontend piece) or try to upgrade some important library just in one place (we switched to 4.x Redux router in smaller application before upgrading the bigger one).

Taking best from two worlds

In our case, we think that we took the best from two approaches. We had small team (in peak 8 people), working on a single Git repository. We delivered 10 separate applications, all using the same datasource (Postgres). We used Kotlin + Spring Boot on backend, and React for frontend. We used Gradle modules to split the backend code into reusable parts, and Spring Boot apps just picked the needed pieces.

We packed the apps into Dockers, built with Gitlab CI pipelines and used Amazon ECS for container orchestration (with a small API gateway based on Nginx and Consul).

There was no inter-process (HTTP etc.) communication between the apps – we just used modules API for synchronous calls (mostly queries) and Quartz tasks for asynchronous commands. We also had ELK stack for logging and tracing.

To be honest, we were 90% happy. The remaining 10% of things that didn’t work well included:

  • many small modules – we had some performance problems with Intellij at the beginning with indexing all the small modules
  • cyclic dependencies – sometimes we discovered cycling dependencies between these modules; on the other hand – it helped us to remove some flaws from our design
  • tight coupling – our apps were designed by API (consumer) perspective, rather than clean DDD, bounded context thinking; but separate modules could help with this – e.g. a new delivery system was developed as separate part, with its own database schema
  • “all-at-once” deployment – and yes, having just 1 database, we often had to deploy multiple applications at once.

Having said that, I think that we managed a good balance between two worlds. We didn’t struggle with massive infrastructure and tooling, working with different repositories and data sources. We were able to go as fast as we built a single-repository monolith application. But we had some parts separated, with their own configuration/boilerplate, ready to be deployed and scaled independently.

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DDevelopment & Design

Using WsLite in practice

TL;DR

There is a example working GitHub project which covers unit testing and request/response logging when using WsLite.

Why Groovy WsLite ?

I’m a huge fan of Groovy WsLite project for calling SOAP web services. Yes, in a real world you have to deal with those - big companies have huge amount of “legacy” code and are crazy about homogeneous architecture - only SOAP, Java, Oracle, AIX…

But I also never been comfortable with XFire/CXF approach of web service client code generation. I wrote a bit about other posibilites in this post. With JAXB you can also experience some freaky classloading errors - as Tomek described on his blog. In a large commercial project the “the less code the better” principle is significant. And the code generated from XSD could look kinda ugly - especially more complicated structures like sequences, choices, anys etc.

Using WsLite with native Groovy concepts like XmlSlurper could be a great choice. But since it’s a dynamic approach you have to be really careful - write good unit tests and log requests. Below are my few hints for using WsLite in practice.

Unit testing

Suppose you have some invocation of WsLite SOAPClient (original WsLite example):

def getMothersDay(long _year) {
    def response = client.send(SOAPAction: action) {
       body {
           GetMothersDay('xmlns':'http://www.27seconds.com/Holidays/US/Dates/') {
              year(_year)
           }
       }
    }
    response.GetMothersDayResponse.GetMothersDayResult.text()
}

How can the unit test like? My suggestion is to mock SOAPClient and write a simple helper to test that builded XML is correct. Example using great SpockFramework: 

void setup() {
   client = Mock(SOAPClient)
   service.client = client
}

def "should pass year to GetMothersDay and return date"() {
  given:
      def year = 2013
  when:
      def date = service.getMothersDay(year)
  then:
      1 * client.send(_, _) >> { Map params, Closure requestBuilder ->
            Document doc = buildAndParseXml(requestBuilder)
            assertXpathEvaluatesTo("$year", '//ns:GetMothersDay/ns:year', doc)
            return mockResponse(Responses.mothersDay)
      }
      date == "2013-05-12T00:00:00"
}

This uses a real cool feature of Spock - even when you mock the invocation with “any mark” (_), you are able to get actual arguments. So we can build XML that would be passed to SOAPClient's send method and check that specific XPaths are correct:

void setup() {
    engine = XMLUnit.newXpathEngine()
    engine.setNamespaceContext(new SimpleNamespaceContext(namespaces()))
}

protected Document buildAndParseXml(Closure xmlBuilder) {
    def writer = new StringWriter()
    def builder = new MarkupBuilder(writer)
    builder.xml(xmlBuilder)
    return XMLUnit.buildControlDocument(writer.toString())
}

protected void assertXpathEvaluatesTo(String expectedValue,
                                      String xpathExpression, Document doc) throws XpathException {
    Assert.assertEquals(expectedValue,
            engine.evaluate(xpathExpression, doc))
}

protected Map namespaces() {
    return [ns: 'http://www.27seconds.com/Holidays/US/Dates/']
}

The XMLUnit library is used just for XpathEngine, but it is much more powerful for comparing XML documents. The NamespaceContext is needed to use correct prefixes (e.g. ns:GetMothersDay) in your Xpath expressions.

Finally - the mock returns SOAPResponse instance filled with envelope parsed from some constant XML:

protected SOAPResponse mockResponse(String resp) {
    def envelope = new XmlSlurper().parseText(resp)
    new SOAPResponse(envelope: envelope)
}

Request and response logging

The WsLite itself doesn’t use any logging framework. We usually handle it by adding own sendWithLogging method:

private SOAPResponse sendWithLogging(String action, Closure cl) {
    SOAPResponse response = client.send(SOAPAction: action, cl)
    log(response?.httpRequest, response?.httpResponse)
    return response
}

private void log(HTTPRequest request, HTTPResponse response) {
    log.debug("HTTPRequest $request with content:\n${request?.contentAsString}")
    log.debug("HTTPResponse $response with content:\n${response?.contentAsString}")
}

This logs the actual request and response send through SOAPClient. But it logs only when invocation is successful and errors are much more interesting… So here goes withExceptionHandler method:

private SOAPResponse withExceptionHandler(Closure cl) {
    try {
        cl.call()
    } catch (SOAPFaultException soapEx) {
        log(soapEx.httpRequest, soapEx.httpResponse)
        def message = soapEx.hasFault() ? soapEx.fault.text() : soapEx.message
        throw new InfrastructureException(message)
    } catch (HTTPClientException httpEx) {
        log(httpEx.request, httpEx.response)
        throw new InfrastructureException(httpEx.message)
    }
}
def send(String action, Closure cl) {
    withExceptionHandler {
        sendWithLogging(action, cl)
    }
}

XmlSlurper gotchas

Working with XML document with XmlSlurper is generally great fun, but is some cases could introduce some problems. A trivial example is parsing an id with a number to Long value:

def id = Long.valueOf(edit.'@id' as String)

The Attribute class (which edit.'@id' evaluates to) can be converted to String using as operator, but converting to Long requires using valueOf.

The second example is a bit more complicated. Consider following XML fragment:

<edit id="3">
   <params>
      <param value="label1" name="label"/>
      <param value="2" name="param2"/>
   </params>
   <value>123</value>
</edit>
<edit id="6">
   <params>
      <param value="label2" name="label"/>
      <param value="2" name="param2"/>
   </params>
   <value>456</value>
</edit>

We want to find id of edit whose label is label1. The simplest solution seems to be:

def param = doc.edit.params.param.find { it['@value'] == 'label1' }
def edit = params.parent().parent()

But it doesn’t work! The parent method returns multiple edits, not only the one that is parent of given param…

Here’s the correct solution:

doc.edit.find { edit ->
    edit.params.param.find { it['@value'] == 'label1' }
}

Example

The example working project covering those hints could be found on GitHub.

DDevelopment & Design

OSGi Blueprint visualization

What is blueprint?Blueprint is a dependency injection framework for OSGi bundles. It could be written by hand or generated using Blueprint Maven Plugin. Blueprint file is only an XML describing beans, services and references. Each OSGi bundle could hav...